Tuesday, October 26, 2010

The Hardware Parts

The Hardware Parts
What we will describe here is a desktop personal computer complete with the ability to connect you to the Internet through your telephone line and play mu8sic and video for your entertainment. Virtually all personal computer (or PC) available in the market will fall in this category, with some additional or omissions.

Most PCs have a Central Processing Unit or CPU as their brain, a monitor as their output device and a keyboard plus a mouse as their input devices, In addition, the computer will have permanent memory known as Read Only Memory or ROM on fixed or hard disk drives and temporary memory as silicon chips called Random Access Memory or RAM. The permanent memory includes your computer’s software programmers as well as data that you wish to retain for future use. The permanent memory is not lost when you switch off your computer. On the other hand, temporary memory is used by the computer’s CPU while the computer’s temporary memory is lots when you shut your computer down.

These hardware items from the bare essentials of the physical parts of a working PC. In your PC, these there may be many additional hardware items called peripherals such as CD-ROM f\drive or a printer. Let us now discuss the hardware items one by one by one.

The computer is box-shared. It may be flat for use on the desktop, or a vertical tower for placing below the dust. It consists of:
1.A Processor,
such as Intel’s Pentium or MAD Catholic. These processors range from 100 MHz to the latest 2,200 MHz clock speeds. This is not the final speed, however. Processors continue to become faster relentlessly. According to Moor’s law, the processor speed doubles every 18 months.

2.A Motherboard,
which functions as an organizer for the hardware parts that must work in unison with the processor. For example, the RAM, the ports for connecting the keyboards and the mouse, the video cards for connecting the keyboards and mouse, the video card that controls the monitor’s display and many such components are mounted on or plugged into the motherboard.

These components are electrically connected to each other through a bus or trucking of copper conductors etched on the motherboard. The processor speed is controlled by a quartz crystal clock that provides the pluses required to synchronizes the working component are electrically connected to etched on the motherboard. The processor speed is controlled by a quart.

3.One or more Hard Disk (s)

whose magnetic memory is used to save the data and programmer files. Hard Disks are fixed inside inside the computer reads as soon as it is switched on. The ROM program, called the bootstrap programmer provides the start-up instructions. After ROM programmer, called the bootstrap programmer provides the start-up instructions. After the bootstrap programmer is loaded, it instructs the computer to load the operating system such as Windows and memory.

4.Some PCs have a Graphic Ace;aerator Card. This card is usually used for video games and for graphics rendering, which require a great deal of fast calculations to produce rapidly changing and complex pictures and graphics on the monitor;s screen.

5.To produce the stereophonic sound requi8red for m,multimedia games and movies, the computer may have a separate sound card or, the sound capability may be built into the motherboard itself.

Friday, October 22, 2010

Programming Language

Introduction
Developing n algorithm needs no knowledge of any computer language. But its implementation requires the knowledge of the targetcomputer language. Computer languages have different capabilities. Each computer language has been designed to facilitate a particular type of algorithm. Implementation. Hence, COBOL is more and what result is  suited for business-related algorithm while FORTRAN for engineering-related algorithms.Is, in this regard, a general-purpose language and is suitable for all types of algorithms.
Programming Languages


Starting from a problem (to be solved), constructing an algorithm for the solution of the same and solving the problem using, is known as algorithm implementation. Algorithm implementation involves the following different phases of activities.
Problem definition
Understanding the information given and what result is asked for.

Problem Analysis
To analyze the problem to understand and formulate line late a possible line of attack in order to solve it.

Algorithm Designing 
Applying top-down or bottom-up approach and describing the algorithm.

Algorithm analysis
To evaluate the designed algorithm and if necessary design alternative algorithm to suit the requirements
better
Execution  
Algorithms, thus developed, may be employed by a person or a machine to solve the problem.As, stated executor of the algorithm must understand the language the language in which the algorithm has been expressed. In case, the person executing the algorithm understands Russian language only, the algorithm must be translated in Russian, before that person may execute it.

In order that a computer may execute the algorithm, the algorithm must be translated into a language that computer understand. An algorithm written in a computer language is known as a program And using an algorithm by translating it into a suitable computer language is known as its implementation. It involves, among others, conversion of the data variables stated in the algorithm into the language into the language specific data types, selecting suitable data structures etc.

An algorithm may be implemented either in the hardware or in the software. It may also be implemented as software embedded into the hardware, when it isis known as firmware to distinguish it from software.

Thursday, October 7, 2010

Characteristics of computers- Features of Computers

Characteristics of computers- Features of Computers



The increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is a very powerful and useful tool. The power and usefulness this popular tool is mainly due to its following characteristics:

1.Automatic:

A machine is said to be automatic, if it works by itself without itself without human interventions. Computer is automatic machines because once on a job, they carry on, until the job is finished, normally without any human assistance. However, computers being machines cannot start themselves. They cannot go out and find their own problems and solutions. They have to be instructed. That is, a computer works from a program of coded instructions, which specify exactly how a particular job is to be done. Some of the other characteristic of computers, such as speed and accuracy, are due to the fact they are automatic, and work on a problem without any human intervention.



2.Speed:

A computer is very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year- if he worked day and night and did nothing else. To put it in a deference manner, a computer does in one minute what would take a man his entire lifeline.



3.Accuracy:

In additions to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The accuracy of computer is consistent high, and the degree of accuracy of particular computer depends upon its design. However, these are mainly due to performed with the same accuracy.



4.Diligence:

Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, trendless and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours, without creating much error and without grumbling, hence, computers score over human beings in doing routine type of jobs, which require great accuracy. If ten million calculations have to be performed, a computer will perform the ten millionth calculations with exactly the same accuracy and speed as the first one.



5.Versatility:

Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about the computer. Once moment, it is preparing the results of examinations, the net moment, it is busy preparing electronic bills, and between, it may be helping an offices secretary to trace a important letter in seconds. All that is required to change its talent is to slip in a new program into it. Briefly a computer is capable of performing almost many tasks, if the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.

6.Power of Remembering: As a human being acquires new knowledge, the brain subconsciously selects what it feels to be important and worth retaining in memory, and relegates unimportant details what it feels. This is not case with computers. A computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage (a type of detachable memory) capability. Every piece of information can be retained as long as desired by the user, and can be can be recalled. As and when it was fed to the computer several years, the information recalled would be as accurate as on the day when it was fed to the computer. A computer. A computer forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so. Hence, it is entirely up to the user, to make a computer retain or forget particular information.



7.No Feelings:

Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings and no instincts because they are machines. Although men have succeeded in building a memory for the computer, but no computer possesses the equivalent of a human heart and soul. Based on your on our day-to-day life. However, computer to then in the form of programs that are written by us.







Characteristics of computers- Features of Computers