Programming Language

Introduction
Developing n algorithm needs no knowledge of any computer language. But its implementation requires the knowledge of the targetcomputer language. Computer languages have different capabilities. Each computer language has been designed to facilitate a particular type of algorithm. Implementation. Hence, COBOL is more and what result is  suited for business-related algorithm while FORTRAN for engineering-related algorithms.Is, in this regard, a general-purpose language and is suitable for all types of algorithms.
Programming Languages

Starting from a problem (to be solved), constructing an algorithm for the solution of the same and solving the problem using, is known as algorithm implementation. Algorithm implementation involves the following different phases of activities.
Problem definition
Understanding the information given and what result is asked for.

Problem Analysis
To analyze the problem to understand and formulate line late a possible line of attack in order to solve it.

Algorithm Designing 
Applying top-down or bottom-up approach and describing the algorithm.

Algorithm analysis
To evaluate the designed algorithm and if necessary design alternative algorithm to suit the requirements
better
Execution  
Algorithms, thus developed, may be employed by a person or a machine to solve the problem.As, stated executor of the algorithm must understand the language the language in which the algorithm has been expressed. In case, the person executing the algorithm understands Russian language only, the algorithm must be translated in Russian, before that person may execute it.

In order that a computer may execute the algorithm, the algorithm must be translated into a language that computer understand. An algorithm written in a computer language is known as a program And using an algorithm by translating it into a suitable computer language is known as its implementation. It involves, among others, conversion of the data variables stated in the algorithm into the language into the language specific data types, selecting suitable data structures etc.

An algorithm may be implemented either in the hardware or in the software. It may also be implemented as software embedded into the hardware, when it isis known as firmware to distinguish it from software.

Benefit of Object Oriented Programming

Object-orientation contributes to the solution of many problems associated with the development and quality of software products. The technology provides greater programmer productivity, better quality of software and lesser maintenance cost. The principle advantage are;

1)
Through inheritance we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use
of existing classes.
2)
We can built programs from the standard working modules that communicate
with one another, rather than having to start writing the code from scratch.
This leads to saving of development time and higher productivity.
3)
The principle of data hiding help the programmer to built secure programs
that cannot be invaded by code in other parts of the program.
4)
It is possible to have multiple instances of an objects in the program.
5)
It is easy partition the work in a project based on objects.
6)
The data-centered design approach enables us to capture more details of
a model in implementable from.
8)
Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
9)
Message passing techniques from communication between objects makes the
interface descriptions with external systems much simpler.
10)
Software complexity can be easily managed.

While it is possible to incorporate all these features in an object-oriented systems. Their importance depends on the type of the project and the performance of the programmer. There are a number of issues that need to be tackled to reap some of the benefits stated above. For instance, object libraries must be available for reuse. The technology is still developing and current products may be superseded quickly. Strict controls and protocols need to be developed if reuse is not to be compromised. Developing a software that is easy to sue makes it hard to built. It is hoped that the object-oriented programming tools would help manage this problem.

Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

Procedural programming deals with functional parts of the problem. Programmers identify what actions must be taken to solve the problem at hand. Let us now, try to understand what aspect of problems are dealt with in object-oriented approach object-oriented.

In object-oriented, a problem is viewed in terms of the following concepts:

1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data abstraction
4. Data encapsulation
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Dynamic binding
8. Message passing

1.OBJECTS:

Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data; they also represent user-defined data such as vectors, time and lists. They accupy space in memory that keeps its state and is operations on the object. Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data. Objects can interact without having to know details of each other data or code.
2. C LASSES: A class represents a set of related objects. The class of an objects defined what attributes an object has. The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user-defined data type with the help of a class. Classes are user defined data types that behave like the built-in types of a programming language. Classes have an interface that defines which part of an object of a class can be accessed from outside and how. A class body that implements the operations in the interface, and the instance variables that contain the state of an object of that class.

3.DATA ABSTRACTION:

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential-features without including the background details or explanations. Abstraction is indispensable part of the design process and is essential for problem partitioning essentially is the exercise in determining the components are not isolated from each other, they interact with each other. Since the classes use the concept of data castration, they are known as Abstract Data Type(ADT).

4.DATA ENCAPSULATION:

The wrapping up to data and functions into a single unit (class) is known as encapsulation. Data encapsulation is the most striking feature of class. The data is not accessible to the can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding.

5.INHERITANCE:

Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification, for example, an manager class is a type of the class employee, which again is a type of the class person as illustrated below. The principle behind this sort of division is that each derived class shares common characteristics with the class from which it is derived. The power of inheritance lies in the super class. In other words, a feature is placed in the higher level of abstraction. Once this is done, such features can be inherited from the parent class and used in the subclass and used in the subclass directly. This implies that if there are many abstract class definitions available, when a new class is needed, it is possible that the new class is a specialization of one or more of the existing classes.

6.POLYMORPHISM:

Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one from. An operation may exhibit different behavior in different instance. The behavior depends upon the types of the data used in the operation. The process of making operator to exhibit different behavior at different instance is called operator overloading. Another example of polymorphism is function overloading, where a single function can perform various different types of task.

7.DYNAMIC BINDING:

Binding refers to the linking of procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of call at run-time, the code matching the object under reference will be called.
8.

MESSAGE PASSING:

Message passing is another feature of object-oriented programming. An object-oriented program consists of a set of objects that communicate with each other. The concept of massage passing makes it easier to talk about build systems that directly model or simulate their real-world counter-parts. A message for an object is a request for execution of procedure, and desired result. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function (message) and the information to be sent.

Introduction of C# Programming Langage

Introduction:

Programming contains the series of commands that create software. In general, a language that is encoded is binary numbers or a language similar to binary numbers that a computer’s hardware understands in understood more quickly by the computer. A program written in this type of language also runs faster. Languages that use words or other commands that reflects how humans think are easier for programmers to use, but they are slower because the language must be translated first so the computer can understand it.

Introduction C#

C# is a new computer-programming language developed by Microsoft Corporation, USA. C# is a fully object-oriented language like Java and is the first Component-oriented language. It has been designed to support the key features of .NET Framework, the new development platform for building component-based software solution.

It is a simple, efficient, productive and type-safe language derived from the popular C and C++ languages. Although it belongs to the family of C/C++, it is a purely objected-oriented, modern language suitable for developing Web-based application.

There are some features of C#.

* Major parts of .NET Framework are actually code in C#.
* It is a brand new language derived from the C / C++ family.
* It simplifies and modernizes C++.
* It will become the language of choice for .NET programming.
* It embodies today’s concern for simplicity, productivity and robustness.
* It is intrinsically object-oriented and web-enabled
* It is a concise, lean and modern language.
* It is the only language designed for the .NET Framework.
* It is the only component-oriented language available today.

Characteristics of C#

The language that is designed for both computing and communications is characterized by several fey feature. It is.

• Object Oriented
• Consistent
• Modern
• Simple
• Type-safe
• Versionable
• Flexible
• Compatible

Object Oriented Language

We have discussed that the object oriented programming is the latest approach in programming. The languages which are based on object oriented programming (OOP) approach, are called as Object Oriented Language. They may be classified into Fifth Generation Languages. Object oriented languages are specially useful for development of GUI (Graphical User Interface) applications. These languages also after a unique feature of reusable Code. Some of the popular object oriented languages are Smalltalk, C++ and object
COBOL, Object Pascal, Simula, Eiffel, Java & Visual J++. C++ and Visual J++ are widely used now-a-days for development of window-based applications.


Characteristics of a Good programming language:

A good programming language should have the following characteristics:

1)It should easy to learn and understand.
2)It should be more user-friendly.
3)The problem can be solved in a specific number of statements.
4)Debugging of the program should be easy.
5)Programs or parts of programs should be reusable.
6)Execution time of the programs should not be very high.

Interpreter and Assembler

Interpreter

An Interpreter is the language translator translator for the third generation languages. Rather than generating object code for the entire source code, this class of translators examines and executes source code on a line by line basic. Each line of source code on a line by line basis. Each line code scanned, parsed, translated and executed before moving on to the next line.
“Interpreter is smaller than compiler and facilitates the implementation of complex programming language construct by translating, interpreting and executing each line one by one.”

Assembler

Computer hardware is capable of executing an instruction only when it is presented to it in machine language. Therefore, any instruction, any instruction to the computer in any language other than machine language instruction before it can be executed. A program written in assembly language has to be first converted into its corresponding machine code before it can be executed. The translation or code conversion is performed by the computer itself using a specialized software called Assembler.

An assembler takes a program written in assembly language as input (known as source program) and generates its equivalent machine (known as object program) as output. During the process of translation, if any grammatical or logical errors are detected, these are suggested to user so that correction can take before the final code conversion

Compiler Based and Interpreter Based Language

A program written HLL (source program) needs to be translated into its equivalent machine code (object program) before it can be run. Depending upon the relationship between the language translation process and its execution, HLL can be characterised as

1.Compiler-Oriented Language:

compiler-oriented language is one which the entire source program is analysed and translated language is one which as soon as one source code instruction is translated into its equivalent machine code, the instruction it immediately executed. Thus the language translation software, whether compiler or interpreter, takes as its input, source program written in HLL and produces equivalent machine code or object program as output.

Translator:

Program which convert a source code in any other language ‘mostly machine code’ are called translator translate its program. Translated programs are directly executable because they are in machine language (i.e. binary language) which is directly understandable by any computer.

A translator is a program that takes as input a program written in one programming language(e.g. a high level language) known as source language and procedures as output a program in another language (machine language) known as target language).”

Compiler

Compiler are programs which translate the high level procedural language programs into machine instructions. Compiler goes through a series of steps to examine and modify source code during the several compilation process. Each source code instruction typically gives a list to several machine code instructions.
Compiler is a program which takes as input a program of a high level language and produces object program in machine code”.

Generation of Programming Language

The term ‘generation’ of computer languages is used to categorize the generic enhancements in various computer language. It shows the step-by-step evolution of programming languages. Each generation indicates significant progress towards making computers easier to use.

Computer languages by generation are classified as follow:

1)First Generation (late 1940)-Machine Language.
2)Second Generation (early 1950s)-Assembly Language.
3)Third Generation (late 1970s through 1970s)-High Level programming language.
4)Fourth Generation (late 1970 on words)-Includes a whole range of query languages and other tools.

Computer Programming Languages

A computer

,

Being an electronic device, cannot understand instructions if provided in a general language. Therefore, a special language is used to provide instruction to a computer system. This language is known as computer programming language. It consists of a set of symbols and instructions in the format that can be understood and acted upon by the computer system. A major goal of computer scientists is to be developed computer system which can accept instructions in moral human language – known as Natural Language Processor.

Introduction Of Software

Programming language contains the series of commands that create software. In general, a language that is encoded in binary numbers or a language similar to binary numbers that a computer’s hardware understands in understood more quickly by the computer. A program written in this type of language also runs faster. Language that use words or other commands that reflects how humans think are easier for programmers to use easier for programmers to use, but they are slower because the language must be translated first so the computer can understand it.

A computer follows the instructions given by the programmer to perform a specific job. To perform a particular task, programmer prepares a sequence of instructions known as Program. A program written for a computer is known as software. The program is stored in RAM. The CPU takes one instruction of the program at a time from RAM and executes it. The instructions are executed one by one is sequence and finally produced the desired result. The language of 1s and 0s is known as binary language and it is also known as Machine language.

Earlier programs were written only in Machine Language in which each instruction was in a form of long strings of 1s and 0s. These programs were understood by the computer but not easily understood by the human behind. Therefore, the computer remained to a common man till the High Level Language were developed.